Review Case free essay sample

Review the data-flow diagrams you developed for questions in the Petrie’s Electronics case at the end of Chapter 6 (or diagrams given to you by your instructor). Study the data flows and data stored on these diagrams and decide whether you agree with the team’s conclusion that the only six entity types needed are listed in the case and in PE Figure 7-1. If you disagree, define additional entity types, explain why they are necessary, and modify PE Figure 7-1 accordingly.Answer will vary. Any additional entities should be properly modeled in an E-R diagram similar to Figure 7-1. 2. Again, review the DFDs you developed for the Petrie’s Electronics case (or those given to you by your instructor). Use these DFDs to identify the attributes of each of the six entities listed in this case plus any additional entities identified in your answer to Question 1. Write an unambiguous definition for each attribute. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, redraw PE Figure 7-1 by placing the six (and additional) entities in this case on the diagram along with their associated attributes. Answers will vary, according to the answer to Question 1. 3. Using your answer to Question 2, designate which attribute or attributes form the identifier for each entity type. Explain why you chose each identifier. Answers will vary, according to the answer to Question 1. 4. Using your answer to Question 3, draw the relationships between entity types needed by the system.Remember, a relationship is needed only if the system wants data about associated entity instances. Give a meaningful name to each relationship. Specify cardinalities for each relationship and explain how you decided on each minimum and maximum cardinality at each end of each relationship. State any assumptions you made if the Petrie’s Electronics cases you have read so far and the answers to questions in these cases do not provide the evidence to justify the cardinalities you choose.Redraw your final E-R diagram in Microsoft Visio. Answers will vary, according to the answer to Question 1. 5. Now that you have developed in your answer to Question 4 a complete E-R diagram for the Petrie’s Electronics database, what are the consequences of not having an employee entity type in this diagram? Assuming only the attributes you show on the E-R diagram, would any attribute be moved from the entity it is currently associated with to an employee entity type if it were in the diagram? Why or why not?Not having an employee entity in the diagram means that employee activity while interacting with the system cannot be tracke d. 7. What date-related attributes did you identify in each of the entity types in your answer to Question 4? Why are each of these needed? Can you make some observations about why date attributes must be kept in a database, based on your analysis of this database? Date objects are needed anytime the date or time of the creation or update of the object are needed (especially in recording transactions and the like).

Reflective Statement The WritePass Journal

Reflective Statement Introduction Reflective Statement IntroductionIndividual Contribution Working with Others and Resolving Conflicts Individual Improvement for the Future  ReferencesRelated Introduction This project involved creating a strategic report covering all aspects of the operation of the Walt Disney Group. The report entailed drawing on a relatively broad analysis of the workings of the Walt Disney Group, with each member of the team contributing certain parts of the report, before then coming together to undertake an overall analysis. This reflective statement looks at how I personally worked within the team and any areas that I feel I could improve upon, in the future. The reflective statement will also describe the way in which I worked within the team to assist others and how we dealt with any conflicts which occurred, during the length of the project. Individual Contribution I was personally responsible for specific aspects of the actual research and for writing up the project. At the outset, we sat down with the team to allocate certain areas of work, with a view to meeting regularly to combine our findings and to ensure that the report, as a whole, read as if it were one voice. As the project involved some form of strategic analysis, I was particularly concerned that if each individual simply worked on their own section, it would not come together as a sensible whole (Forsyth, 2009). I personally felt that I took the lead, when it came to communicating amongst the team and also when ensuring that we met up regularly to discuss progress. I myself as one of the other team members took the lead in arranging these meetings. Whilst this was successful, initially, we soon found that other members of the team were not responding to the suggestion of meetings and were not sending their own work in good time, thus creating difficulties amongst the team and also making it harder for me as an individual to complete my element of the project (Boud Walker 1993) If I were to undertake the project again, I would ensure that, from the outset, much greater emphasis was placed on setting out the full scope of each individual’s work assignment, as it quickly became apparent that each individual within the team was relying on others to undertake their part of the report. Therefore, when one individual was failing to keep pace with the rest of the team, this created a much greater problem than simply one person not â€Å"pulling their weight†. As a relatively strong individual, I would personally put myself forward as more of a co-ordinator, at the outset, to ensure that this lack of cohesion did not happen in future (Jarboe Witteman, 1996). When we encountered difficulties at the end of the project, with one individual not being available in the few days prior to the deadline, I took on another section of the writing in order to ensure that we were then able to meet the deadline, something which put me under increased personal pressure. Based on the problems that we were having, at that point in time, it was the only reasonable solution available; however, better team management, at an earlier stage when it became apparent that some individuals were not going to make the deadline would have prevented such a high level of personal pressure and this additional workload could then have been spread more evenly. Working with Others and Resolving Conflicts As noted above, it became apparent, as the project progressed, that there were certain key individuals within the team who were becoming increasingly unresponsive to setting up meeting times and were not presenting their work when requested. This could have put the entire project in jeopardy and was exacerbated when one individual was not available at all, in the few days prior to the deadline. The fact that some of the key individuals were not responding to requests for meetings or submitting their work on-time became apparent midway through the project. Yet, action was not positively taken by myself and the other organising team members who were still responding until just a few days before the deadline (Coleman, 2011). Effectively, our approach to dealing with this matter was to ignore it and simply continue with our own activities, something which potentially jeopardised the project in its entirety. With a project of this nature, merely ignoring conflict was not an option. Furthermore, although regular negotiations were attempted by suggesting meeting times, communication between team members had already broken down.   In reality, this conflict could have been resolved, at the outset, before any difficulties emerged, by setting out a team leader who was going to be responsible for keeping everybody on track and ensuring that the meetings took place as arranged. As soon as it became apparent that the timeframe for the project was not being kept, the appointed team leader could then have taken a more aggressive stance to ensure that such failings did not jeopardise the overall project. It was arguably this failure that was instrumental in creating a last-minute panic and rush. Individual Improvement for the Future Bearing all of this in mind, I feel that my own areas for improvement, in the future would be to take a much more active stance, in terms of project management, from the outset (Schon 1996). I would also ensure that all team members complied with the timeframes set out. I became personally aware that there were difficulties with communication and timeframe, at a relatively early stage, yet I largely chose to ignore this in the hope that matters would improve of their own accord. This approach led to me personally being put under considerable pressure, towards the end of the project and, as such, my own individual performance was not as good as it could have been, particularly with the last section of the project being rushed, over a period of 2 to 3 days. I therefore feel that I could have improved my own personal performance by taking a much more active role in project management. This would enable me to ensure that each individual was working within the timeframe and I was not requ ired to rush during the last few days of the project, potentially sacrificing the quality of the work.   References   Boud D Walker D (1993) Barriers to Reflection on Experience. In Boud D,. Cohen R Walker D. Using Experience for Learning. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education Open University Press. Coleman, P (2011).  The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts. Public Affairs. New York, p.26 Forsyth, D. R. (2009).  Group dynamics  (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Jarboe, S. C., Witteman, H. R. (1996). Intragroup conflict management in task-oriented groups: The influence of problem sources and problem analysis.  Small Group Research, 27, 316–338. Schon D. (1996). From Technical Rationality to Reflection in Action, In: Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and P Raggatt (eds) Boundaries of Adult Learning, London, Routledge.

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements College graduation announcements can seem so simple  but also be so complicated. And, of course, while youre trying to figure out the ins-and-outs of the announcements, you still have to focus on finishing your classes and planning for life after college. Use this guide to help you through the planning, organizing, and sending of graduation announcements. The Logistics Coordinating the logistics behind announcements can be a serious pain in the brain. With a little help, however, it can also be taken care of with a few quick steps. The Why: 8 Reasons to Send Graduation AnnouncementsThe Who: To Whom Should I Send My Graduation Announcements?The Where and How: Where to Get Graduation AnnouncementsThe When: When to Mail Your Graduation Announcements The What: The Announcements Themselves Wording announcements can seem so easy. That is,  of course, until you actually sit down and try to write them. To get you started, below are a variety of announcement styles you can use or change a bit to create your own, personalized graduation announcement. No matter which type of announcement you send, the following information is vital: Your nameThe college or universityThe degree you earned (e.g., B.A. in Political Science)The commencement ceremony (or party) date and timeThe location of the ceremony or party Do you really have to invite people? Unlike high school graduation, not everyone is going to attend the commencement ceremony or expect a party. It is very common for college graduates to skip the date and location information and use their announcements as, just that, an announcement of your achievement. Announcements with Formal, Traditional Language Traditionally, a college graduation announcement uses formal language such as The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class... in the opening lines before giving the details in equally formal terms. Spelling out the dates and avoiding abbreviations for degrees are just some of the features youll find in formal announcements. If you would like to stick with tradition, here are two examples to explore: Formal Announcement Sample #1Formal Announcement Sample #2 Casual and Informal Announcements Maybe youre more of a casual graduate who wants to drop all formality and enjoy the celebration. If so, there are endless ways to begin your announcement and you can have as much fun as you like. Here are a few examples and dont forget to include the details. Education, Dedication, Jubilation, Graduation!Call the neighbors around, Raise a glass of Chablis,[Tasha] has earned [her] college degree![Shes] Graduating! Announcements Mentioning Family or Friends Yet another approach to the announcement is to include the support of your family and friends. This is a nice way for the people who care about you most and helped you through school to acknowledge how proud they are of you. Friends/Family Announcement Sample #1Friends/Family Announcement Sample #2 Announcements with a Religious Theme Whether you are graduating from a faith-based college or simply hope to acknowledge how your faith helped you in this great achievement, adding an inspirational verse is a great idea. It also doesnt matter which religion you follow, theres inspiration in all of them. Look for a verse or inscription that pertains to learning and knowledge and quote this at the top of your announcement. Again, dont forget the details! Religious  Announcement Sample

Mischeif and miscarriage in the criminal justice process Assignment

Mischeif and miscarriage in the criminal justice process - Assignment Example 397). Nevertheless, the advancement in the legal practice and in the administration of public affairs makes it possible to have criminals released from confinement allowed the freedom to participate in their social and economic lives without much deterrence. Such a process is sustainable on the basis that such persons are given corrective services while in their homes or with the society (Cohen 2002; p. 41)1. Prisons have served as a useful institution of isolation of criminals. It is however useful to have criminals effectively observed because they are in a different state of social cognition characterized by many altered feelings about social order, governance and public life. Prisons have ceased to deliver their corrective capacity as a result of the challenges in the economy today and therefore better methods should be gradually tested and ratified that will ensure more of the criminals are free in the society and are engaged into more meaningful work. Supervision in the community will offer the best option for correction due to the fact that there are technologies to monitor or aid the monitoring of criminals and that may assist in their correction. The community approach will also create an environment for the other civilian to be familiar with the restrictions that are attached to criminal activity and hence facilitate psychological adjustment and abhorrence for crime. The condition that crime must be established beyond and reasonable doubt in a litigation process is a very high bar to attain in many litigation processes. Due to these high standards, it is meaningful that the program is obtained that will manage the loopholes for which many criminal have evaded justice through the criminal justice system (Ramsey, Latessa, & Travis 2003; p. 3). Suffice it to mention therefore, governments should seek to collaborate widely with many institutions in the process of administering justice. In the United States, the Megan’s law was

Risk Of Malathion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Of Malathion - Essay Example Nevertheless if medication is dispensed hurriedly Malathion has no long-standing disturbances; whilst low level revelation has few or even no health troubles. In view of the fact that Malathion appears to be an insecticide it requires to be scattered during early evening to trim down the harm causes for the animals, as well as for the other insects. Malathion exists as a chemical broadly used to act toward mosquito invasions. Even as being valuable in manipulating mosquitoes, there are countless dangers to think about when employing this chemical. As said by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATDSR), revelation to malathion by means of the air, food, and water could possibly cause several difficulties like how the brain as well as the nervous system functions. In examination, it shows that exceedingly high doses of malathion could cut organ operations (Wilson, 2003). If an individual whom has unintentionally or deliberately gulped down malathion, he/she should dig up for treatment hurriedly. Even as there has been no evidence that malathion instigates cancer, examinations have found amplified occurrences of some cancers in human beings who are frequently exposed to malathion they are farmers as well as the chemical applicators. Dose-response. The EPA made a list of the careful amounts of the Malathion insecticide would strictly be 0.1 milligrams of Malathion for each liter of drinking water, 0.1 to 135 PPM intended for specific varieties of food, as well 15 milligrams for each meter of work section by an 8 hour operation day designed for a 40 hour labor week. Exposures towards a degree fewer than these quantities might possibly be a reason for skin irritation, infuriate asthmatic patients, or function as a lung irritant. However, in giving out high dosages of Malathion could surely cause complexity in breathing, tightness of chest, etc., and possibly death (EPA, p 149). Exposure. The risk of giving out the Malathion insecticide for mosquito management in the core of the municipality at the low down concentrations connecting with mosquito spraying should be kept to a smallest amount by giving sufficient announcements to the community also by spraying for the mosquitoes at early evening. Even if malathion stops working in a count of hours, it could collapse into more lethal composites than malathion itself. Once exposed to sunlight it could bring about a chemical reaction, which consecutively increases the arrangement of trimethyl contaminations, which appears to be highly-poisonous. An individual who is exposed towards high doses of Malathion is as well at a higher danger than those who is exposed towards lower doses. An investigation in Florida illustrates the consequences of low-doses of malathion on unborn kids. Children who were born to pregnant ladies that were exposed towards this chemical enclose higher degrees of learning disabilities (United States. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993). Malathion Not as Safe as Believed - 5 Die - 2,800 Poisoned.SOURCE: Archives in Toxicology, 42:95-106, 1979. The following fact is derived from the document from the Bureau of Tropical Diseases, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia called "The Toxicological Properties of Impurities in

Standardization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation

Standardization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation 1. Introduction Now-a-days most of developed as well as developing countries use Ayurvedic medicines then they uses it in past. They avoid use of allopathic drugs because of high risk of adverse effects. So, for the sake of community it is important to standardize the dosage form available in market. Standardization of formulation is evidence that the formulation contains constituents which it says to be contained. In present work formulation containing Gymnemic acid and Resveratrol has been studied. This formulation is anti-diabetic. Gymnemic Acid (GYM) is major constituent isolated from leaves of plant Gymnema Sylvester belonging to family Asclepiadacea. (1) Plant has a property of masking the sugar test so it is known as â€Å"GURMAR†. Gymnemic acid is a triterpenoid saponin found in the leaves of Gymnema Sylvester. (2) Many studies have shown that oral administration of Gymnema extract reduces serum glucose level and improves glucose tolerance in mildly diabetic rats. (3) Administration of water extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was found to increase serum insulin level suggesting its insulin releasing effect. (4) Number of beta cells within pancreatic tissue were increased which suggests a restorative effect of the Gymnema extract on pancreatic tissue. (5) So, from above it is now known that Gymnemic acid has the ability to decrease blood glucose level in diabetic patient which ultimately relives Diabetes. Resveratrol (RES) (3,4†²,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is polyphenolic constituent isolated from plant Polygonum Cuspidatum belonging to family Polygnaceae. (6) It has been reported that Resveratrol has a variety of biological and pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, anticarcinogenic effects, modulation of lipid metabolism and cardioprotection. (7) In pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells, insulin secretion is linked to the oscillations in membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and metabolism. The variations in the ATP/ADP ratio control the conductance of ATP-dependent K+ channels leading to depolarization and periodic influx of Ca2+. The resultant membrane depolarization activates voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and triggers intracellular Ca2+ release, elevating intracellular Ca2+ both in the cytosolic compartment and within the mitochondria, and thereby initiating insulin secretion. (8) From the survey of various literatures it is found that Gymnemic acid has been estimated by various analytical techniques like HPTLC, HPLC Gravimetery. (9) While Resveratrol had been estimated by HPLC and spectrometric techniques. (10) Not a single method is reported for the estimation of both constituents simultaneously. Present work has been focused on estimation of both constituents simultaneously. Here estimation of both constituents was done by UV-Visible spectrometry and HPTLC. For estimation of both constituents simultaneously UV-visible Spectrophotometric and HPTLC methods were developed and validated. Figure 1: Gymnemic acid Table 1: Gymnemic acid Group Figure 2: Resveratrol 2. Experimental Chemical Reagents Gymnemic acid relative Standard was extracted from the formulation. This relative standard was compared with standard obtained from Clearsynth TM Private Ltd (Andheri (w), Mumbai, India) . Then the prepared relative standard was used for methods. Same way, Resveratrol was extracted from formulation and then compared with standard Sigma-Aldrich constituent. Marketed formulation here used was Resveratrol plus (with Gymnemic acid) {Zenith Nutrition’s} containing 100mg Resveratrol and 500 mg Gymnemic acid per 2 capsules. All reagents for UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and HPTLC are Methanol, Chloroform, Ethanol, Glacial Acetic Acid, water and Benzoyl Chloride. Methanol, Chloroform and Ethanol used were analytical grade purchased from merk solutions. Triple distill water was made in laboratory by distillation assembly. Benzoyl Chloride was purchased from SD fines Chemicals. Instruments UV-Visible Spectrophotometric was developed on a Shimadzu UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometer, model 2400 PC series, with spectral width of 1 nm, wavelength accuracy of 0.5nm and a pair of 10 mm matched quartz cells (Shimadzu , Japan). The HPTLC instrumentation consisted of a Linomat V sample applicator with 100  µL Hamilton syringe and a TLC III scanner controlled by WinCATS software (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) Merck TLC plates coated with 60F254 silica gel on aluminum sheets were used as stationary phase. The plates were developed in a Camag 10 x 10 cm twin through chamber that was previously saturated for 20 minutes with mobile phase. Spectrometric Conditions GYM didn’t contain chromophore in structure so it has to be derivatized for UV-Visible detection. Benzoyl Chloride was used as derivatizing agent. The solutions of GYM RES were scanned in the spectrum mode from 200 to 400 nm, and from that 303nm for Gymnemic acid determination, 318.4 nm for Resveratrol determination and 349 nm for isoabsorptive point for Q ratio method were selected for simultaneous estimation. Chromatography Condition The solutions were spotted in the form of hands of 5 mm width on pre-coated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates using a Camag 100  µL sample applicator syringe. They were activated at 110 oC in an oven for 20 minutes before sample application. A constant application rate 0.1 µL/s was applied and bandwidth was 9 mm between two bands. Spotted plates were developed in twin through chamber which is previously saturated for 20 minutes with mobile phase containing Chloroform: Methanol: Glacial acetic acid (13: 4: 0.5 %). The plates were developed for 8 cm run length. The plates were dried by hair dryer and then post derivatization done by dipping plates in Vanillin-Sulphuric acid solution. Then it is heated in hot air oven at 105oC for 5 minutes. Then plates were scanned at 575nm in TLC III scanner. Preparation of solutions Preparation of Standard solution for UV Resveratrol relative standard 10 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flask. This much quantity was dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol to produce 1000 µg/ ml standard stock solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml is transferred to another 10 ml of volumetric flask and volume was made up with methanol to produce 100  µg/ ml working standard stock solution. Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flask. This much quantity was dissolved in 10 ml of triple distill water to produce 10000  µg/ ml standard stock solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask diluted with methanol to produce 1000  µg/ ml working standard solution. Benzoyl chloride was diluted in ethanol first and then in methanol lastly to produce 125  µg/ ml solution which was used as derivatizing solution. Preparation of sample solution for UV 10 capsule’s shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed and from that weight equivalent to 10 mg Resveratrol and 50 mg Gymnemic acid was weighed accurately and transferred to 10 ml of volumetric flask volume made up with mixture of ethanol: water (1:1). From this solution 1 ml solution was taken diluted with mixture of ethanol: water (1:1).this solution is working sample solution further dilution done by the same mixture. Preparation of standard solution for HPTLC Resveratrol relative standard 20 mg and Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed and transferred to two different 10 ml volumetric flask respectively in which weighed quantity was dissolved in 10 ml ethanol : water (1:1) mixture to produce RES 2000  µg/ ml and GYM 10000  µg/ ml standard stock solution. From these solution 5 ml solution was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask diluted with ethanol: water (1:1) up to 10 ml to produce RES 1000  µg/ ml and GYM 5000  µg/ ml working standard stock solution. Preparation of sample solution for HPTLC 10 capsule’s shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed from that weight equivalent to 20 mg RES and 100 mg Gym was weighed. That much amount of powder was accurately transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in ethanol: water (1:1) mixture. From this solution 5 ml was taken and filtered with 0.45  µm filter sized syringe filter. This solution was then diluted with mixture of ethanol: water (1:1) up to 10 ml solution to produce RES 1000  µg/ ml equivalent and GYM 5000  µg/ ml equivalent. Assay method validation Preparation of calibration curve For UV-visible Spectrophotometric method individual solutions were prepared in methanol from working standard stock solution to produce 5-25  µg/ ml RES and 25- 125  µg/ ml GYM solution. Benzoyl chloride 10  µL was added to each solution. Then these solutions were analyzed in methanol at three different wavelengths at 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. Calibration curve here made up was absorbance v/s concentration. For HPTLC method different aliquots of were taken from standard stock solution to make final concentration of RES 1000  µg/ ml and GYM 5000  µg/ ml in the same solution. Then different aliquots were spotted on activated TLC plate. The concentration of RES was varied between (5-25)  µg/ spot while for GYM it was (25-125)  µg/ spot. Then plate was developed in mobile phase and was developed to scan as mention above at 575 nm. Calibration curve here made was peak area v/s concentration of constituents. Accuracy (recovery) For UV-visible spectrophotometer solution of standard RES was added to previously analyzed sample solution at three different levels (80%, 100 % and 120%). Same procedure been followed to have a GYM accuracy by adding standard stock solution at three different levels (80%, 100 % and 120%). Amount of standard RES added was (8, 10 and 12  µg/ ml) to 10  µg/ ml sample solution. Amount of standard GYM added was (40, 50 and 60  µg/ ml) to 50  µg/ ml sample solution. For HPTLC known amount standard solution of RES (8, 10 12  µg/ ml) and GYM (40, 50 60  µg/ ml) added to previously analyzed sample solution having concentration of RES 10  µg/ spot and GYM 50  µg/ spot. Precision The intra-day and inter-day precision of proposed methods were determined by estimating corresponding responses three times on the same day and on three different days for three different concentrations. For UV-Visible spectroscopy RES concentrations were 8, 10 and 12  µg/ ml measured at wavelengths 318.4 nm and 349 nm.GYM concentrations were 45, 50 and 60  µg/ ml measured at wavelengths 303 nm and 349 nm. For HPTLC three different dilutions were made having both RES and GYM in those solutions ranging (RES 9, 10 and 12.5  µg/spot) and GYM (45, 50 and 62.5  µg/ spot). For repeatability in HPTLC, sample solution containing 10  µg/spot RES and 50  µg/ spot GYM was measured in terms of response. LOD LOQ The sensitivity of analytical method was evaluated by determining LOD and LOQ. They are measured by following equations: LOD: 3.3 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³/ S LOQ: 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  S Here, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³ is standard deviation of intercept and S is slope in linearity equation. Specificity For HPTLC spots were scanned for its purity with standard sample and checked whether they give a same response or not. This was done by spectral scanning in WinCats HPTLC. Robustness The robustness of methods was studied by analyzing the same samples of RES and GYM with deliberate change in parameters. The changes in responses were noted. For HPTLC, spots scanned at ( ± 2 nm) and mobile phase ratio change was performed. For UV-Visible method solutions were scanned at ( ± 2 nm). 3. Results and Discussions Simultaneous estimation of RES and GYM was difficult task because they are isolated from herbal source and they have RES: GYM ratio 1:5 in marketed formulations. System suitability parameters System suitability run for HPTLC was performed before each validation run. Five replicate spots were made. Parameters monitored were Rf value and Peak areas of them. (Table 2) Table 2: System suitability Parameters HPTLC Optimization of Method For HPTLC Various experimental conditions such as the mobile phase and the wavelength of detection were optimized to achieve accurate, precise and reproducible results for the estimation of RES and GYM. Good resolution and sharp peaks with minimum tailing of these drugs (Rf RES 0.78, Rf GYM 0.236) was obtained by using mobile phase Chloroform: Methanol : Glacial acetic acid (13: 4 :0.5%) at wavelength of detection 575 nm. Figure 3 : optimized Chromatogram of HPTLC, RES (10  µg/spot) GYM ( 50  µg/spot) Figure 4: Wavelength selection for HPTLC of RES and GYM For UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Form overlain spectra (Figure 5) of methanolic solution of RES and GYM three wavelengths were finalized for analysis 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. The method here used for simultaneous estimation is Q ratio method. Here both of constituents are measured at 349 nm isoabsorptive point and 303 nm and 318.4 nm GYM and RES respectively. Figure 5: wavelength selection after derivatization of GYM, BCL (Benzoyl Chloride) and RES Method validation of proposed methods Optimized methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines. The results of various parameters are discussed following: Linearity For UV Spectrophotometric method, linear correlation was obtained between absorbance and concentration for RES 5-25  µg/ ml at 318.4 nm 349 nm and GYM 25-125  µg/ ml 303 nm 349nm.( Table 3) For HPTLC method, linear correlations were obtained between peak area and concentration of RES was 5-25  µg/spot and GYM was 25- 125 µg/spot. (Table 4) Accuracy The percentage recovery values of RES and Gym were obtained in the range of 98% to 103 %, and relative standard deviation values for both constituents in two methods were less then 2%, it shows that methods are accurate for both constituents. Values are shown in table 3 and 4. Precision Inter-day and intra-day variation in quantification of RES and GYM showed that RSD values were always less than 2% during the analysis by both methods. These low RSD values show that methods are precise. Values of precision studies for UV spectrometry and HPTLC are in table 3 and 4 respectively. LOD and LOQ For UV-Visible spectrometry method LOD and LOQ for RES was found to be 0.09 µg/ml and 0.28 µg/ml respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 0.63 µg/ml and 1.92 µg/ml respectively. For HPTLC method LOD and LOQ for RES were 0.065  µg/spot and 0.20  µg/ spot respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 1.2  µg/spot and 3.87  µg/spot respectively. Specificity For HPTLC method, a good correlation was obtained between standard and sample spectra of RES and GYM correlation suggests that there in no interference in quantification of RES and GYM. Robustness Robustness of the methods was studied by performing assays of RES and GYM in capsule formulation. The parameters are deliberately altered and changes were recorded. Assay values were calculated in the changed parameters. Methods proved to be robust, because assay values in changed parameters were within limits. Assay of marketed formulation Assay of Resveratrol plus from ZENITH nutrition was performed in both the methods. Results of assay were compared with corresponding amounts claimed on capsule. The assay results are shown in table 3 4. Table 3: UV-Visible method Validation parameters Table 4: HPTLC Validation Parameters Conclusion Developed HPTLC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, rapid, sensitive and robust for the estimation of RES and GYM in combined dosage form. The validation data and recovery shows that methods are free from inferences of excipients used in formulations. Thus method is useful for both constituents to be estimated by both methods. References x

Project Metrics

â€Å"Metrics† is a term used to describe the measurement of a particular phenomenon. Project metrics therefore refers to the key indicators of what exactly has been done or achieved in a certain project. The objective of this is to be able to improve on the processes involved in the project performance. Project metrics thus is a system set in place to evaluate the project process employed in the attainment of results with an aim of improving such processes. They usually involve collecting and availing information regarding the status of the project.It is thus an important factor in project risk management as a review tool. One example of these metrics is the cost. Right before initiating a project, its financial aspect is normally catered for using budgetary control tools. Indeed, the economic viability of a project is a priority regardless of the final results expected of such a project. In this respect therefore, there are certain operations that should be conducted in the process of the project to monitor the cost element.The actual budget will thus be reviewed in light of the original budget. This yields certain variances whose magnitude can thus be reviewed to improve on the process. Quality is another key aspect in a project that would form the basis of metrics. Quality control is thus established to be able to measure the output of a particular process in light of a set standard. Defects in the system are identified and when adequately documented, these provide good grounds for review of the project process with an aim of improvement of the same.This is because in a business environment, quality compromise yields an adverse effect that translates to loss of economic gain which would otherwise be secured with the right standards of quality. In summary it can be said that in project management, the role of project metrics is extremely important and cannot be ignored. They constantly provide information, which when analyzed by the management is usef ul for decision making and the success of projects.